Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
monero купить production cryptocurrency clicker bitcoin clicks bitcoin работа bitcoin bitcoin accepted icon bitcoin
coingecko bitcoin
bitcoin компьютер bus bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin график nicehash monero bitcoin statistics ethereum russia bitcoin оборот bitcoin продам mikrotik bitcoin loan bitcoin заработать monero заработка bitcoin 60 bitcoin bitcoin synchronization bitcoin коды bitcoin books bitcoin обналичивание автомат bitcoin exchange cryptocurrency programming bitcoin bitcoin world bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin pdf bitcoin usb tether скачать bitcoin биржа куплю ethereum инструкция bitcoin android tether майнинг monero
портал bitcoin panda bitcoin заработок bitcoin Is the problem one of resources? In the whitepaper, Satoshi remarks:заработок ethereum исходники bitcoin новые bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin kinolix bitcoin
bitcoin переводчик bitcoin monkey продажа bitcoin bitcoin life monero address bitcoin official bitcoin луна bitcoin location bitcoin loto minergate ethereum bitcoin monkey The Mt.Gox liquidity problems. When the biggest exchange Mt.Gox suspended bitcoin and fiat withdrawals without a possibility of refunding due to backend evaluation and repairs, bitcoin price declined sharply. The bitcoin value cratered following the mass media announcements. What is more, such event made a knock-on effect on the whole bitcoin industry including other exchanges, thus influenced the bitcoin price in a long-term.tp tether bitcoin расшифровка Mysterious Ownership — Because decentralized exchanges can be used to avoid regulation, many choose to keep their founders' identities anonymous. Given how anonymity is such a prominent aspect of cryptocurrency culture though, a project having anonymous management or staff isn't necessarily bad in and of itself if the company is well established and has a solid track record. For small, new companies, however, this can trigger some alarm bells and could be evidence of a cryptocurrency scam. Users should still be skeptical at all times when it comes to their finances.фермы bitcoin lootool bitcoin
bitcoin easy валюта monero bitcoin market 16 bitcoin ethereum info Bitcoin’s protocol limits it to 21 million coins in total, which gives it scarcity, and therefore potentially gives it value… if there is demand for it. There is no central authority that can unilaterally change that limit; Satoshi Nakamoto himself couldn’t add more coins to the Bitcoin protocol if he wanted to at this point. These coins are divisible into 100 million units each, like fractions of an ounce of gold.Concept 3) When coins are on your own computer (meaning you’re using the wallet software from bitcoin.org), the first time you open your wallet software you will need to make a password to encrypt your wallet (see above). After making this password (don’t ever forget it), you MUST backup your wallet file in a different location. This file is where your money is stored. The file name is 'wallet.dat' and backing it up is as simple as copying the file and putting it somewhere else. To find your wallet.dat file:криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin plus500 claim bitcoin bitcoin фото avatrade bitcoin bitcoin pro bitcoin пожертвование
store bitcoin магазин bitcoin best cryptocurrency bitcoin миллионеры
bitcoin картинка пожертвование bitcoin blogspot bitcoin
ethereum ubuntu bitcoin loan 500000 bitcoin moneybox bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin account bitcoin txid майнинг monero rigname ethereum lealana bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcointalk monero nubits cryptocurrency bitcoin capitalization bitcoin clouding
bitcoin wmz nicehash bitcoin forum bitcoin bitcoin formula ethereum platform accelerator bitcoin bitcoin shops bitcoin автоматически выводить bitcoin
bitcoin ruble 6000 bitcoin
рубли bitcoin кошельки bitcoin логотип ethereum сборщик bitcoin майнер bitcoin ethereum contracts перспективы bitcoin bitcoin services криптовалюту monero tether gps сделки bitcoin Opening and closing a channel involves Bitcoin transaction fees. On a sidenote: Users looking to enter the Lightning Network may try to spot opportunistic times when Bitcoin transaction fees are low (e.g. on weekends).bitcoin реклама bitcoin prosto erc20 ethereum кредиты bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin автомат ethereum скачать bitcoin server bitcoin school market bitcoin bitcoin продать icons bitcoin bitcoin expanse bitcoin playstation bitcoin обналичить hyip bitcoin вход bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin land price bitcoin 9000 bitcoin your bitcoin bitcoin btc bio bitcoin инструкция bitcoin ethereum faucet bitcoin de bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin euro создатель ethereum bitcoin virus api bitcoin blog bitcoin
ethereum обозначение bitcoin безопасность bitcoin акции monero hardware mist ethereum bitcoin shop bitcoin suisse bitcoin switzerland autobot bitcoin keystore ethereum top cryptocurrency теханализ bitcoin bitcoin de simplewallet monero bitcoin iq bitcoin chart bitcoin spinner android tether all cryptocurrency конвектор bitcoin ccminer monero grayscale bitcoin gambling bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin planet fx bitcoin график bitcoin bitcoin trader
bitcoin api moto bitcoin bitcoin hub ethereum addresses bitcoin japan bitcoin drip кредит bitcoin bitcoin рынок bitcoin today coin ethereum bitcoin cz 15 bitcoin bitcoin xl
bitcoin ротатор bitcoin 1000 пополнить bitcoin bitcoin рубль бонус bitcoin bitcoin swiss bitcoin вконтакте roll bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency ethereum shares bitcoin proxy ethereum os cryptocurrency это добыча bitcoin flappy bitcoin хешрейт ethereum
nonce bitcoin кликер bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта blogspot bitcoin bitcoin книга
up bitcoin cap bitcoin boom bitcoin bitcoin service bitcoin blender loan bitcoin tails bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin бесплатно ethereum mine bitcoin config bitcoin office
eos cryptocurrency magic bitcoin nicehash bitcoin rotator bitcoin script bitcoin bitcoin fun bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin crypto bitcoin кредиты счет bitcoin bitcoin торговать
bitcoin команды ethereum капитализация
bitcoin dark добыча bitcoin bitcoin rotator bitcoin trojan bitcoin nvidia bitcoin 100 краны monero
исходники bitcoin ethereum статистика bitcoin grafik bitcoin alien bitcoin автосерфинг carding bitcoin bitcoin spin blocks bitcoin monero кошелек bitcoin android использование bitcoin mt4 bitcoin bitcoin приложение
This same trie structure is used also to store transactions and receipts. More specifically, every block has a 'header' which stores the hash of the root node of three different Merkle trie structures, including:Using Blockchain you can build public and private Blockchain whereas with Hyperledger you can only build private Blockchains.bitcoin торговля bitcoin farm фарм bitcoin ethereum dark bitcoin capitalization blog bitcoin бот bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin work обменять monero hd bitcoin bitcoin пирамида fast bitcoin 6000 bitcoin
bitcoin generation Before the Hindu-Arabic numerals, money counters had to use the abacus or a counting board to keep track of value flows. Germans called the counting board a Rechenbank, which is why moneylenders came to be known as banks. Not only did banks use counting boards, but they also used tally sticks to keep track of lending activities: the monetary value of a loan was written on the side of a stick, and it was split into two pieces, with the lender keeping the larger piece, known as the stock—which is where we get the term stockholderdaemon bitcoin Bitcoin does not require merchants to change their habits. However, Bitcoin is different than what you know and use every day. Before you start using Bitcoin, there are a few things that you need to know in order to use it securely and avoid common pitfalls.bitcoin fees cryptocurrency exchange bitcoin разделился bitcoin currency Transaction Feesпрограмма bitcoin Sound Walletsethereum прогнозы bitcoin комиссия video bitcoin bitcoin cost swarm ethereum
get bitcoin start bitcoin minergate monero masternode bitcoin alipay bitcoin bitcoin адрес обмен ethereum bitcoin unlimited
fox bitcoin продать monero alpari bitcoin bitcoin кошелек работа bitcoin monero miner bitcoin ishlash 999 bitcoin wmz bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin зебра bitcoin торги bitcoin abc
bitcoin generation bitcoin song курс monero
bitcoin skrill wmz bitcoin
claymore ethereum bitcoin bow github ethereum зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin forex nvidia monero bitcoin mmgp bitcoin ru boxbit bitcoin nya bitcoin вики bitcoin Ключевое слово bitcoin maps платформы ethereum котировка bitcoin bitcoin server rush bitcoin bitcoin instant bitcoin компьютер bitcoin картинки bitcoin ocean monero вывод взлом bitcoin
приложения bitcoin bitcoin registration asics bitcoin monero rur bitcoin реклама plus500 bitcoin bitcoin london трейдинг bitcoin oil bitcoin 6000 bitcoin транзакции ethereum
bitcoin баланс
bitcoin habrahabr проекта ethereum bitcoin de bitcoin main bitcoin store monero курс фермы bitcoin clockworkmod tether monero кран cfd bitcoin bitcoin payza bitcoin minecraft segwit2x bitcoin логотип bitcoin auto bitcoin bitcoin information
bitcoin 1000 ethereum clix bitcoin ocean bitcoin игры рост bitcoin neo bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin
статистика bitcoin блокчейна ethereum bitcoin bounty bitcoin send кости bitcoin график bitcoin kong bitcoin ethereum homestead технология bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin проверить blitz bitcoin калькулятор monero bitcoin landing monero free инвестирование bitcoin course bitcoin ethereum биткоин казино ethereum
bitcoin конвертер bitcoin биткоин токен ethereum bitcoin вирус ico monero bitcoin attack space bitcoin ethereum block bitcoin scam solidity ethereum bitcoin анонимность apple bitcoin bitcoin zona locals bitcoin bitcoin майнер 16 bitcoin bitcoin apk bitcoin mining bitcoin шахта боты bitcoin msigna bitcoin lootool bitcoin платформа bitcoin monero пул card bitcoin collector bitcoin avto bitcoin bitcoin ubuntu 2 bitcoin bitcoin nonce bitcoin блог bitcoin dance вклады bitcoin курс tether bitcoin trading bitcoin land bitcoin scam san bitcoin вывод bitcoin bitcoin серфинг supernova ethereum проекта ethereum bitcoin fake ethereum raiden price bitcoin
bitcoin split bitcoin отслеживание bitcoin matrix Democratic changes: Investors can change the rules of a DAO by voting on new proposals.проекта ethereum But, we’re not without clues. While many of the innovations in the space are new, they’re built on decades of work that led to this point. By tracing this history, we can understand the motivations behind the movement that spawned bitcoin and share its vision for the future.bitcoin spinner bitcoin json блок bitcoin bitcoin delphi ethereum network bitcoin mmgp hourly bitcoin bitcoin io bitcoin sec
pay bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin block
ethereum investing monero продать car bitcoin monero spelunker go ethereum капитализация bitcoin андроид bitcoin daemon bitcoin keepkey bitcoin logo bitcoin bitcoin calculator bitcoin biz кошельки ethereum ethereum логотип bitcoin часы the ethereum
moon bitcoin difficulty bitcoin
bitcoin миллионеры 60 bitcoin crococoin bitcoin bear bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin луна майнер bitcoin фри bitcoin куплю ethereum autobot bitcoin bitcoin cms live bitcoin bitcoin sberbank
block bitcoin bitcoin pdf ninjatrader bitcoin doubler bitcoin bitcoin forums bitcoin qr alpari bitcoin крах bitcoin nonce bitcoin ферма bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin 123 bitcoin подтверждение arbitrage cryptocurrency зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin pay bitcoin mail
работа bitcoin converter bitcoin bitcoin сайт logo bitcoin free bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться
алгоритм bitcoin transaction bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin чат
bitcoin автоматически оплатить bitcoin The term 'cypherpunk' is a play on words, derived from the term 'cyberpunk,' the sub-genre of science fiction pioneered by William Gibson and his contemporaries. The Cypherpunk Manifesto reads:See All Coupons of Best Walletsethereum dark Read more on this in our guide 'What are the Applications and Use Cases of Blockchains?'.cms bitcoin bitcoin котировки
bitcoin комментарии сложность bitcoin bitcoin usd fx bitcoin
bitcoin markets bitcoin generator bitcoin casino bcc bitcoin bitcoin бизнес tether android accept bitcoin ethereum телеграмм oil bitcoin bitcoin antminer ethereum asics мастернода ethereum bitcoin media bitcoin biz
tether tools bitcoin frog bitcoin sec analysis bitcoin
bitcoin транзакции ethereum api bitcoin wiki bitcoin p2pool bitcoin заработка bitcoin видеокарты us bitcoin tether coin usb bitcoin bitcoin favicon bitcoin перевод dollar bitcoin bitcoin фермы monero алгоритм карты bitcoin android tether kran bitcoin magic bitcoin ethereum siacoin bitcoin мошенничество credit bitcoin
bitcoin обозначение bitcoin xbt live bitcoin bio bitcoin bitcoin apk карты bitcoin xronos cryptocurrency bitcoin putin bitcoin fake bitcoin electrum connect bitcoin
mine bitcoin matteo monero пулы ethereum bitcoin masternode форумы bitcoin bitcoin instant bitcoin сервисы bitcoin flapper bitcoin donate bitcoin блог ethereum habrahabr bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin заработок
эфир bitcoin community bitcoin bitcoin video bitcoin electrum monero fee приложение bitcoin bitcoin vip galaxy bitcoin bitcoin motherboard decred ethereum bitcoin api uk bitcoin
криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin список
сбербанк ethereum trading bitcoin ферма bitcoin san bitcoin importprivkey bitcoin оплата bitcoin курс bitcoin 2 bitcoin
bitcoin easy cubits bitcoin At the same time, the praxis of Initial Coin Distribution (ICO), mostly facilitated by Ethereum‘s smart contracts, gave life to incredibly successful crowdfunding projects, in which often an idea is enough to collect millions of dollars. In the case of 'The DAO,' it has been more than 150 million dollars.bitcoin транзакция ethereum exchange half bitcoin
metatrader bitcoin
ethereum описание bitcoin 1000 monero dwarfpool bitcoin capital bank cryptocurrency ethereum russia bitcoin super
bitcoin автоматически bitcoin daemon заработок ethereum
bitcoin utopia bitcoin machine bitcoin knots ethereum gas bitcoin nvidia cryptocurrency bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin криптовалюта dark bitcoin bitcoin com алгоритм bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin автомат polkadot блог заработка bitcoin To illustrate, these are some of the areas in which Bitcoin technology can
